Традиции и праздники в разных странах — различия между версиями

Версия 17:41, 11 октября 2010

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О традициях

Традиция (от лат. traditio — передача; предание), элементы социального и культурного наследия, передающиеся от поколения к поколению и сохраняющиеся в определённых обществах, классах и социальных группах в течение длительного времени; охватывает объекты социального наследия (материальные и духовные ценности); процесс социального наследования; его способы. В качестве Т. выступают определённые общественные установления, нормы поведения, ценности, идеи, обычаи, обряды и т.д.

Т. не сводится к наиболее стереотипным своим разновидностям, таким, как обычай и обряд, но распространяется на гораздо более широкую область социальных явлений. Определённые Т. функционируют во всех социальных системах и в известной мере являются необходимым условием их жизнедеятельности. Наиболее широка сфера Т. в докапиталистических общественных формациях. Т. присущи самым различным областям общественной жизни (экономике, политике, праву и т.д.), но удельный вес их в той или иной области не одинаков. Он достигает максимума в религиозных Т. занимает определённое место в науке и в искусстве.

В классовых обществах Т. носят классовый характер. С одной стороны, классовая дифференциация оказывает существенное влияние на общенациональное культурное наследие, с другой — каждый класс, социальная группа обладают своими собственными Т. Отсюда множественность и противоречивость Т. и отношения к ним. Каждое поколение, с необходимостью воспринимая ряд Т., вместе с тем в определённой мере осуществляет выбор тех или иных Т., и в этом смысле оно выбирает не только своё будущее, но и прошлое. Длительность существования Т. сама по себе не определяет её современное значение; жизнеспособность Т. коренится в её дальнейшем развитии последующими поколениями в новых исторических условиях. Общество, класс или группа, воспринимая одни элементы социального наследия, в то же время отвергают другие, поэтому Т. могут быть как позитивными (что и как воспринимается), так и негативными (что и как отвергается).

С.Ю. ГОЛОВИН. СЛОВАРЬ ПРАКТИЧЕСКОГО ПСИХОЛОГА.

ТРАДИЦИЯ - исторически сложившиеся, передаваемые через поколения формы деятельности и поведения, а также сопутствующие им обычаи, правила, ценности, представления. Традиция складывается на основе тех форм деятельности, что неоднократно подтвердили свою общественную значимость и личностную пользу. С изменением ситуации социальной развития некоей общности традиция может разрушаться, трансформироваться и замещаться новой. Традиции - важный фактор регуляции жизнедеятельности, составляют основу воспитания. В этнопсихологии понятие связки или пучка традиций - одна из характеристик национальной общности.

Holidays in Russia

Basically in Russia there are as many official holidays as in every other country of the world; nine to be exact. However, the interesting thing about Russian holidays is the following: they last long. Preparation for the holiday begins at least a day before it actually arrives. Then it is considered tradition to prolong the holidays if they are close to the week-end or if they just turn out to be on a Monday. So usually instead of one day off people get two or three free days. Sometimes even more v like a special Russian fiesta!

Another nice thing about Russian holidays is that all the shops, supermarkets and the grocery stores are open throughout the day and usually work until the late evening, especially in big cities and downtown areas. It is not a good idea to plan any business during a Russian holiday, since people just don't think about work. But for the tourist, traveling at this time could be quite interesting. You can escape that awful rush hour traffic, which is very common during the average work day. As a matter of fact you will get a chance to see cheerful Russians and witness how they party. Believe me - this is something to discover!

Despite the fact that to foreigners Russians seem to celebrate something all the time, there are only nine official holidays in the country. Of course there are many days in which it is considered appropriate to celebrate, such as the day of printing, or the day of geologists, the day of chemists, the library day, the day of the frontier guard, the day of Slavic literature and culture; there is even a fisherman's day and many more dates to drink for someone's respectable profession or something else completely unrelated. Basically Russian people can celebrate something almost every day. Sometimes there is a good reason for a big party, but no reason is needed to celebrate life by having a drink with a few friends.

The official holidays often require participants to forget about their jobs and problems and just have a good time. This, more often than not, includes many alcoholic drinks that are consumed with friends.

Russian Holiday Schedule

New Year's Day Day - January 1,2

Christmas Day - January 7

Defenders of the Motherland Day - February 23

International Women's Day - March 8

Easter - May 5 (2002) April 27 (2003) April 11 (2004)

Labor Day/May Day - May 1, 2

Victory Day - May 9

Independence Day - June 12

Day of Accord and Reconciliation (The holiday formerly known as the Day of the Great October Revolution) - November 7

Constitution Day - December 12

== Holidays in Great Britain

There are some holidays in G.B. They are Christmas day, Boxing Day, new years day, Easter, mayday, spring bank holiday and simmer bank holiday. Public holidays in G.B. are called bank holidays because the banks as wall as most of the offices and shops are closed.

The most popular holiday is Xmas. Every year the people of Norway give the city of London the present. It is a big Xmas tree and it stands in Trufalger square. Central streets are beautifully decorated. Before Xmas groups of singers go from house to house. They collect money for charity and sing carols traditional Xmas songs. Many churches hold a carol serves on the Sunday before Xmas.

The fun starts the night before, on the 24 of December. This is the day when people decorate their trees. Children hang stocking at the end of their beds, hoping that Santa Claus will come at night and full them with toys and sweets. Xmas is a family holiday. Relatives prepare for the big Xmas dinner of turkey and Xmas pudding and every one gives and gets presents.

The 26 of December, Boxing Day are an extra holiday after Xmas. This is the time to meet friends or sit at home and watch TV. New years day is less popular in Britain then Xmas.

Besides public holidays there are some special holidays in Britain. One of them takes place on the 5 of November. On that day in 1605 Guy Fawkes tried to blow up the House of Parliament and kill a King James the first. But he didnt succeeded. The Kings men found the bomb and took Guy Fawkes to the tower. Since that day the British celebrate the 5 of November. There are also smaller holidays in Great Britain.

January • 1st New Year's Day • 5th Twefth Night

February • 1st Candlemas Day • 14th Valentine's Day

March • 1st St David's Day (Wales National Day) • 17th St. Patrick's Day (Ireland's Special Day March/April • Shrove Tuesday • Lent • Mothering Sunday • Maundy Thursday • Easter

April • 1st April Fool's Day • 23rd St George's Day (England's National Day)

May • 1st May Day

June • Trooping the Colours • Wimbledon Tennis Tournament

July • Swan Upping

August • Notting Hill Carnival

September • Harvest Festival

October • 31st Halloween

November • 5th Bonfire Night • 11th Remembrance Day • 30th St Andrew's Day (Scotland's National Day)

December • Advent • 25th Christmas • 26th Boxing Day

American Holidays

Official information and services from the U.S. government

Americans celebrate a variety of federal holidays and other national observances throughout the year. American holidays can be secular, religious, international, or uniquely American.

With the wide variety of federal holidays, and the many levels of American government, it can be confusing to determine what public and private facilities are open on or around a given federal holiday. You can usually find such information in the daily newspaper or by calling the office you wish to visit.

The following are American federal holidays and other common national observances. Federal holidays are indicated as such. New Year's Day is January 1. The celebration of this federal holiday begins the night before, when Americans gather to wish each other a happy and prosperous coming year. Many Americans make New Year's resolutions.

Martin Luther King Day is a federal holiday celebrated on the third Monday in January. The Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. was an African-American clergyman who is recognized for his tireless efforts to win civil rights for all people through nonviolent means.

Groundhog Day is February 2, and has been celebrated since 1887. On Groundhog Day, crowds gather in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, to see if groundhog Punxsutawney Phil sees his shadow after emerging from his burrow, thus predicting six more weeks of winter weather.

Valentine's Day is celebrated on February 14. The day was named after an early Christian martyr, and on Valentine's Day, Americans give presents like candy or flowers to the ones they love. The first mass-produced valentine cards were sold in the 1840s.

Washington's Birthday is a federal holiday observed the third Monday of February to honor George Washington, the first President of the United States. This date is commonly called Presidents' Day and many groups honor the legacy of past presidents on this date.

Easter falls on a spring Sunday that varies from year to year. Easter is a Christian holiday celebrating the resurrection of Jesus Christ. For Christians, Easter is a day of religious services and the gathering of family. Many Americans follow old traditions of coloring hard-boiled eggs and giving children baskets of candy.

Earth Day is observed on April 22. First celebrated in 1970 in the United States, it inspired national legislation such as the Clean Air and Clean Water Acts. Earth Day is designed to promote ecology, encourage respect for life on earth, and highlight concern over pollution of the soil, air, and water.

National Arbor Day was proclaimed as the last Friday in April by President Richard Nixon in 1970. A number of state Arbor Days are observed at other times to coincide with the best tree planting weather, from January and February in the south to May in the far north. The observance began in 1872, when Nebraska settlers and homesteaders were urged to plant trees on the largely treeless plains.

Mother's Day celebrates mothers every second Sunday of May. President Woodrow Wilson, who issued a proclamation in 1914, asked Americans to give a public expression of reverence to mothers on this day. Carnations have come to represent Mother's Day, following President William McKinley's habit of always wearing a white carnation, his mother's favorite flower.

Memorial Day is a federal holiday observed the last Monday of May. It originally honored the people killed in the American Civil War, but has become a day on which the American dead of all wars, and the dead generally, are remembered in special programs held in cemeteries, churches, and other public meeting places. The flying of the American flag is widespread.

Flag Day, celebrated June 14, has been a presidentially proclaimed observance since 1916. Although Flag Day is not a federal holiday, Americans are encouraged to display the flag outside their homes and businesses on this day to honor the history and heritage the American flag represents.

Father's Day celebrates fathers every third Sunday of June. Father's Day began in 1909 in Spokane, Washington, when a daughter requested a special day to honor her father, a Civil War veteran who raised his children after his wife died. The first presidential proclamation honoring fathers was issued in 1966 by President Lyndon Johnson.

Independence Day is July 4. This federal holiday honors the nation's birthday - the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. It is a day of picnics and patriotic parades, a night of concerts and fireworks. The flying of the American flag is widespread.

Labor Day is the first Monday of September. This federal holiday honors the nation's working people, typically with parades. For most Americans it marks the end of the summer vacation season and the start of the school year.

Columbus Day is a federal holiday celebrated on the second Monday in October. The day commemorates October 12, 1492, when Italian navigator Christopher Columbus landed in the New World. The holiday was first proclaimed in 1937 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Halloween is celebrated on October 31. On Halloween, American children dress up in funny or scary costumes and go "trick or treating" by knocking on doors in their neighborhood. The neighbors are expected to respond by giving them small gifts of candy or money.

Veterans Day is celebrated on November 11. Originally called Armistice Day, this federal holiday was established to honor Americans who had served in World War I, but it now honors veterans of all wars in which the U.S. has fought. Veterans' organizations hold parades, and the president places a wreath on the Tomb of the Unknowns at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia.

Thanksgiving Day is a federal holiday celebrated on the fourth Thursday in November. The holiday began in 1621, when Puritans, who had just enjoyed a bountiful harvest, showed their gratitude to the Native Americans for their help by hosting a feast to give thanks. The Thanksgiving feast became a national tradition and almost always includes some of the foods served at the first feast: roast turkey, cranberry sauce, potatoes, and pumpkin pie.

Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day is December 7. In 1994, Congress designated this national observance to honor the more than 2,400 military service personnel who died on this date in 1941, during the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, by Japanese forces. The attack on Pearl Harbor caused the United States to enter World War II.

Christmas Day is a federal holiday celebrated on December 25. Christmas is a Christian holiday marking the birth of the Christ Child. Decorating houses and yards with lights, putting up Christmas trees, giving gifts, and sending greeting cards have become traditions even for many non-Christian Americans.

Other Celebrations

Various ethnic and religious groups in America celebrate days with special meaning to them even though these are not national holidays. Jews, for example, observe their high holy days in September, Muslims celebrate Ramadan, African Americans celebrate Kwanzaa, Irish Americans celebrate the old country's patron saint, St. Patrick, on March 17, and Mardi Gras is the day before the Christian season of Lent begins and is a big occasion in New Orleans, Louisiana, where huge parades and wild revels take place. There are many other such religious and ethnic celebrations in the United States.

Australian holidays

The culture of Australia is rich in both Indigenous and European tradition. Australians love to celebrate their heritage, and most major cities hold unique arts festivals with dance, outdoor music, cinema, food, and wine, at various points throughout the year. Generally, these festivals are completely free of charge, and offer an exciting way to experience the culture of Australia. The country also commemorates a set of national Australian holidays, many with their own celebrations.

National Australian Holidays

One holiday in Australia, observed June 8th to allow a break before winter, is the Queen's Birthday. Generally, schools and government offices will be closed on this day. Another day on which government buildings will likely be closed is January 26th, Australia Day. Australia Day commemorates the first British settlement in Australia, in 1788. Today, major cities throughout the country celebrate Australia day with moderate parades, free food, and locally organized events. Sydney hosts a surf board paddle race beneath the Harbor Bridge, in which both amateurs and pros are equally welcome to participate. One holiday in Australia celebrated both by Australian's, and their New Zealand neighbors alike is ANZAC Day, on April 25th. ANZAC Day honors those who have died in wars, and most specifically troops who died fighting during the first World War. ANZAC stands for the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, and travelers will find parades and ceremonies memorializing the Army Corps in most of Australia's major cities.

Culture of Australia

The modern culture of Australia combines both European tradition and Aboriginal legacy. While the impact of European settlers on the indigenous population of Australia was, for the most part, catastrophic, there are remaining arts and festivals celebrating Aboriginal life and culture. European settlers brought with them many food and lifestyle traditions, and the Australia of today is a combination of these influences, as well as current American influences. Australian holidays tend to reflect this mixture.

Festival and Events in Australia

There are a myriad of culture and art festivals throughout Australia. Most of these festivals are totally free of charge, and offer an international visitor the chance to experience some of the celebrations that are unique to Australia. The Sydney Festival features music, dance, and visual arts each January. The Perth International Arts Festival takes place every February, and offers a comprehensive mix of traditional dance performances and outdoor theatre. If you are looking to relax indoors, check out the Melbourne International Film Festival between July and August. More then 300 films are brought in each year from around the world, and is one of the most celebrated events in Australia.

No matter what time of the year you plan to visit, events in Australia abound. Since most of these events in Australia are free of charge, be sure to include at least one in your holiday in Australia.

Australian traditions

Australia Day

Australia doesn't have many traditions. Attempts to get Halloween off the ground have stalled due to one too many homeowners telling little kids to get off their property or they will see a scary sight. Australia's equivalent of America's Thanksgiving Day is Australia Day on January 26, the landing of the First Fleet of Convicts in Botany Bay.

Unfortunately, there is much more emotional resonance in celebrating pioneering pilgrims who broke bread with the natives than there is in celebrating criminals that stole bread and were duly hung. Needless to say, Australia has no tradition of putting the old ball and chain on your leg, and subsequently walking down the street in tribute to the founding fathers. Likewise, Australia has no statues of the pioneering Convicts holding up their shackled wrists in triumph!

Ironically, the suffering the Convicts and the cruelty of the wardens makes the anniversary of their landing quite a useful date for a national celebration. Because Australia commenced in such a negative way, the date provides a great opportunity to reflect upon how far Australia has come, and how far it still has to go.

Many Australians put such sentiments into action by using Australia day to visit friends, attend a rock concert, or have a barbeque. Because there are no firm prescriptions about how they should think or feel, most Australians simply take the initiative to make the day into what they want it to be. Consequently, whereas many national days around the world involve citizens reflecting on the achievements of their ancestors that they have not personally lived up to, Australia’s national day involves citizens acting in a vastly superior way to the people that the date acknowledges.

Although most Australians have a good time on January 26, a few concerned citizens wish their national day was more similar to the national day of foreign countries, where there are firm behavioural prescriptions and clear symbolic meanings. As a result, these people want the date of Australia Day to be changed to something as inspiring as Thanksgiving Day. As Daniel Bryant, a concerned citizen, argued:

" The 26th of January is an inappropriate date for Australia Day as it merely represents the anniversary of the arrival of the British to establish the penal colony of New South Wales. It does not represent of birth of a nation and disengages the aboriginal and non-British communities from their sense of involvement in nationhood. It also sends the wrong message to our Asian neighbors, reminding them of our European roots."

Tobin Maker, another concerned citizen, sarcastically expressed a similar feeling of alientation:

" Instead of reciting the oath on Australia day, which commemorates the founding of a prison in Sydney, why don't we Victorians recite the oath on the anniversary of the laying of the first stone of Pentridge Prison? "

Even though concerned citizens like Mr Bryant and Mr Maker wish for an inspirational event, no such event ever occured in Australia and wishing for one wont make it so. The alternative dates that have been suggested really go down like a lead balloon. One of these dates is January 1, which is the anniversary of the first sitting of federal parliament. Such suggestions have hit a wall because it is generally accepted that the only thing worse than having a Convict in your ancestry is having a politician. In any case, it is already a holiday and one that typically involves sleeping off a hangover. Another suggested date is December 3, the anniversary of the Eureka Stockade. The main problem with this idea is that the Eureka Stockade has some associations with unionism and white supremacy. Such associations tend to divide Australians rather than unite them. While a barbeque or musical festival may not be sombre, at least they are superior to some kind of political argument over workers rights or genetic superiority.

Another suggested date is May 27, the anniversary of the 1967 referendum that proposed Aborigines be counted in the federal census and the federal government gain the power to make laws specifically for Aborigines. Although 90% of Australians voted in favour of the referendum, there are a few potential problems with celebrating it. The main problem is that since gaining the power to make policies specifically for Aborigines, the federal government has used it in a very destructive way. Celebrating the referendum would almost be like celebrating a white police officer being given a gun to protect black people, but who went on to shoot them instead. If the outcome doesn't match the feel-good symbolism, then perhaps the value of the feel-good symbolism needs to be questioned.

Some of the symbolism can indeed be questioned. The clause altered in the referendum was a dubious one to begin with. It had originally being created as part of the White Australia Policy and aimed to give federal politicians the power to discriminate against Chinese and pacific islanders. Ideally, the baby boomers in the 60s would have had the foresight to limit the power of the federal government to make race-specific policies, not extend it. Consequently, although baby boomers might like to celebrate their achievement in 1967, in symbolism or outcome, it might not have been such the achievement they believed it to be.